You get asked a lot about happiness. What鈥檚 a question you haven鈥檛 been asked?
Rarely have I been asked why modern Western societies are much more interested in happiness than other societies or at earlier times. In collective societies, individual happiness was not as essential. A successful life meant fulfilling one鈥檚 role as well as possible, for example, as a mother, father, family member or practitioner of a specific profession. How one felt was not that important.
With the rise of individualism, suddenly it was thought that maybe we don鈥檛 have any predetermined role or place in life. Then people started to ponder where they might find purpose and direction, and the pursuit of one鈥檚 own happiness became one answer.
Should we take happiness seriously?
Societies should take happiness more seriously, but individuals shouldn鈥檛 take it too seriously. Societies and politicians focus too much on economic indicators, even though the ultimate goal of societies should be ensuring people鈥檚 well-being instead of economic growth.
The compulsive maximisation of one鈥檚 own happiness is paradoxically harmful to one鈥檚 own happiness. It鈥檚 better to live your life, allowing happiness to come as a byproduct. Individuals should treat their happiness more like a barometer providing useful information than as a specific goal.
What brings you the most happiness in your everyday life and what brings you the least?
I鈥檓 happy in my work. If I were to win 50 million euros in the lottery now, my work routine wouldn鈥檛 change much. I would still sit in a caf茅 in the morning, writing and contemplating the big questions of humanity.
What brings me the least happiness is the enthusiasm of schools to start mornings at eight. I鈥檓 not a morning person at all, and I have to wake the kids up at seven. Even though my oldest child is already in middle school, and I鈥檝e had many years to get used to it, the early wake-up bothers me every morning. But I have to deal with it.
Are you a pessimist or an optimist?
Neither. I am a meliorist. A meliorist focuses on the things they can affect, concentrating energy on improving them.
A concrete example of this is when I was writing my philosophy thesis at the University of Helsinki in 2007. During a thesis meeting with my advisor, we concluded that my 120-page manuscript had to be rejected. It simply didn鈥檛 work. I was trying to solve the entirety of moral philosophy. This bothered me for a moment, but a couple of hours later when I got home, I already had a completely new plan for my thesis. I started writing it the next day.
How can you recognise a happy person or community?
Sometimes it鈥檚 visible on the surface, sometimes not. A happy person might have a twinkle in their eye and not take themselves too seriously. If someone has found balance in their life, they don鈥檛 think about their own happiness.
In a happy community, compassion for others is visible. People care about each other, everyone dares to be themself and feels accepted for who they are. People are then actively oriented towards each other. If they鈥檙e in the same room, you can see that they want to interact with each other.
If hope and happiness compete, which one wins?
Hope wins. Hope is oriented more towards the future and it鈥檚 more active. Happiness tends to remain in place, so hope surpasses happiness.
This article has been published in the Aalto University Magazine issue 37 February 2026.
People from across Aalto University share what hope means to them and how they are helping to build a more hopeful society 鈥 through, for example, inclusive fashion and entrepreneurship, artificial intelligence, and new quantum materials.
AI is advancing at such speed that speculative moral questions, once the province of science fiction, are suddenly real and pressing, says Finnish philosopher and psychology researcher Frank Martela.
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