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The construction industry faces a massive challenge: urbanization and population growth are driving demand for new buildings, while emissions, the use of non-renewable resources, and biodiversity loss must all be drastically reduced.

Researchers are developing a promising new type of composite structure that could offer a solution. It’s created using strong cardboard molds filled with growing fungal mycelium. The molds shape the mycelium as it grows, while the fungi feed on byproducts from the paper industry. As the mycelium spreads, it naturally binds the material into a solid matter. Through a carefully controlled growth and drying process, the result is a resource-efficient material that could open up exciting possibilities for sustainable building. 

Mycelium thrives even on damp, dirty paper waste that is otherwise unsuitable for recycling. And because buildings are long-lasting, the carbon stored in paper waste remains sequestered for decades—helping slow down climate change.

The resulting mycelium composite is lightweight, provides insulation for heat and sound, and naturally slows the spread of fire. It can be grown directly into the desired shape and size, from acoustic panels to wall elements.

‘We need to shake off our prejudices about mold and fungi. Their diversity is endless—and so are the positive ways we can apply them,’ says Professor Matti Kuittinen, Aalto University.